An X-ray beam is directed at a crystalline powder of titanium dioxide (TiO2). Which outcome regarding the diffraction pattern emerges due to variations in crystal orientation?

💡 Explanation

Because of the random orientation of crystal grains, the Bragg diffraction condition is met for all possible orientations. Therefore, a cone of diffracted intensity is formed, which appears as rings rather than discrete spots, rather than sharper peaks which would require consistent alignment.

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