In a rule-based expert system, which consequence follows if a knowledge base contains both '∀x: P(x) → Q(x)' and 'P(a)'?

💡 Explanation

If '∀x: P(x) → Q(x)' and 'P(a)' are present, Universal Instantiation allows substitution of 'a' for 'x', and Modus Ponens derives Q(a) from P(a) → Q(a), because these are inference rules. Therefore, Q(a) is inferred, rather than a contradiction or ignoring the rule.

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