Which consequence results when a de-icing agent consisting of an ionic compound like magnesium chloride accumulates excessively on concrete highways?

💡 Explanation

Excessive magnesium chloride causes increased freeze-thaw damage because **osmotic pressure** weakens the cement matrix, drawing water where it freezes and expands; therefore, spalling increases, rather than the concrete strengthening processes, mitigating other chemical attacks.

• Which outcome occurs when a bimetallic strip thermometer exceeds its design temperature when in steam?
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