Which consequence results when a lava flow encounters cryospheric permafrost?

💡 Explanation

A lava flow's thermal energy causes rapid melting resulting in a jokulhaup flood because meltwater accumulates under the ice, which overcomes ice dam strength with hydrostatic pressure; therefore a flood occurs rather than slower glacial melt or unrelated geological processes.

• Which outcome accelerates subsidence in heavily irrigated alluvial basins?
• Which outcome occurs when a cave's groundwater calcium concentration decreases significantly?
• Which process limits nutrient availability despite large oceanic gyre circulation?
• Which atmospheric effect increases when high orographic relief disrupts Hadley cell circulation?
• Which outcome occurs when the descending slab stagnates during subduction?
• Why does restricted Arctic outflow interrupt thermohaline circulation?