Which constraint limits prolonged dynamic soaring for seabirds near coastlines with variable winds?

💡 Explanation

During dynamic soaring, birds extract energy by repeatedly crossing boundaries between air masses of differing velocities, making use of the 'wind gradient'; however, insufficient vertical gradient prevents the repeated altitude changes needed for such energy extraction. Therefore insufficient wind gradient constrains soaring, unlike thermal updrafts, predators or flapping which impact general stability or energy output.

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