Which effect arises from excessively lean fuel mixture in gasoline direct injection engine during cold start?

💡 Explanation

With a lean air-fuel mixture, especially during cold starts, incomplete combustion and stratification occur because fuel droplets do not fully vaporize, leading to unstable flame kernels and fluctuating cylinder pressures. Therefore increased combustion variability results, rather than overheating, reduced cat efficiency, or ring wear, which stem from separate issues.

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