Which effect on avian flight efficiency results from induced shivering thermogenesis during migratory flights at high altitudes?

💡 Explanation

When migrating birds shiver at high altitudes, shivering thermogenesis increases metabolic rate due to the conversion of chemical energy into heat by muscle contractions, causing increased fuel consumption. Therefore reduced flight range results, rather than increased lift, lower stall speed, or elevated ground speed, which rely respectively different aerodynamic or meteorological factors.

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