Which energy-related outcome arises when doping a ZnO varistor above its threshold with trivalent cations?

💡 Explanation

When doping a ZnO varistor above its intended stoichiometric thresholds, excess trivalent cations replace Zn²⁺ ions creating more oxygen vacancies and trapping more grain boundary electrons, hence widening depletion zones because of ionic rearrangement, creating higher breakdown resistance. Wider grain boundary depletion zones result, rather than conductivity, recombination, or transparency changes, which depend on doping type differently.

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