Which irreversible degradation effect occurs when an LED driver's output voltage significantly exceeds the LED's rated forward voltage?

💡 Explanation

Electromigration rapidly degrades the metallic interconnects within the LED package because high current density (driven by excessive voltage) transports metal atoms, causing bond wires to thin and fail; therefore, electromigration is the correct failure mode, rather than ESD or generic thermal effects.

• Which outcome occurs when the thermal limit of a power transformer’s cooling circuit is exceeded?
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