Which mechanism dominates mineral cave formation in permafrost?

💡 Explanation

Congelation segregation drives cave formation in permafrost. Ice lenses repeatedly grow and melt thus expanding fissures via dissolution as ice preferentially forms, because unfrozen water transports ions, therefore enlarging caves rather than simple surface weathering.

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• Which risk increases when saturated sediment underlies structures?
• Which geographic pattern develops due to upper-level divergence?