Which mechanism initiates deep-water formation in the North Atlantic during winter?

💡 Explanation

When seawater freezes, salt is excluded, increasing the density of the remaining water because latent heat release cools the surrounding water columns, making them denser and causing them to sink through convective circulation. Therefore, latent heat contributes, rather than solar input which increases temperatures, glacial runoff which reduces salinity, or surface waves which redistribute top layers temporarily.

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