Which mechanism limits the effectiveness of halogens like chlorine as molecular disinfectants in water treatment?

💡 Explanation

When halogens disinfect, electrophilic substitution occurs reacting with natural organic matter because it is present in many water sources forming disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Therefore, DBP formation limits disinfectant efficacy, rather than nitrogen recombination, adsorption, or decomposition, which require specific alternate catalysts or conditions.

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