Which outcome accelerates coastal erosion when thermokarst develops along Arctic shorelines?

💡 Explanation

When thermokarst develops, permafrost thaws because increased temperatures reduce ground ice stability, leading to ground subsidence and the formation of alases which destabilize coastal sediments and induce offshore slumping increasing errosion rates. Therefore, ground subsidence results, rather than wave refraction, vegetation stabilization or ice foot formation, which oppose coastal erosion.

• Which outcome occurs when strong temperature gradient appears in the upper troposphere during winter?
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• Which outcome results when increased trade winds strengthen coastal upwelling along western South America?