Which outcome limits the maximum efficiency of combustion engines based on the Carnot cycle?

💡 Explanation

When a Carnot engine operates, internal friction generates irreversible entropy within the system, reducing the amount of work obtainable from the thermal energy, and that ultimately reduces efficiency. Therefore, internal friction from irreversible entropy limits the engine performance, rather than thermal lag, incomplete combustion, or stoichiometry alteration which are secondary effects in ideal cycles.

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