Which outcome occurs when a PID controller's integral term accumulates excessively during hydraulic actuator positioning task?

💡 Explanation

When the integral term accumulates excessively (integral windup), the control signal becomes saturated, which causes the actuator to overshoot, then oscillate around the desired setpoint because the system struggles to correct accumulated error promptly. Therefore oscillation results, rather than accuracy, stiction, stability which stem from distinct phenomena.

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