Which outcome occurs when PID controller integral windup saturates the control valve actuator in a chemical reactor?

💡 Explanation

When integral windup occurs, the accumulated error in the PID controller causes the control valve actuator to fully saturate, leading to either fully open or fully closed valve position depending on whether the actuator required more or less supply. Therefore runaway reaction happens because flow of the substance from supply is not regulated anymore, rather than just oscillations/low-sensitivity issues or false alarms that do not involve a breakdown.

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