Which outcome occurs when rapid surface cooling inhibits lava flow?

💡 Explanation

Columnar jointing results from contraction during cooling which propagates fractures, because viscosity increases rapidly with cooling; thus, thermal contraction dominates. Therefore, columns form rather than a smooth surface due to reduced convection in thicker flows.

• Which seismic outcome increases along subduction zones due to friction overcoming stress limits?
• Which effect results when upwelling brings nutrient-rich water to surface regions with stratification?
• Which outcome results when volcanic vent instability causes increased mass flow?
• Which mechanism initiates downwelling when surface water density substantially increases in polar marine regions?
• Which mechanism accelerates lake eutrophication when agricultural runoff contains excessive nutrients?
• Which primary erosional outcome occurs when wave refraction concentrates energy?