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Which outcome occurs when rapid valve closure causes high-frequency pressure waves in a long water pipeline?

A)Hydraulic resonance amplification downstream
B)Velocity profile laminar flow transition
C)Increased water density throughout pipe
D)Decreased pipe wall boundary layer

💡 Explanation

Water hammer produces pressure spikes because kinetic energy converts into pressure via fluid compressibility and pipe elasticity, exciting acoustic **resonance**. This amplification risk will occur, rather than laminar flow or general density changes, therefore hydraulic resonance is correct.

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