Which outcome rapidly alters local albedo when extensive effusive volcanism occurs subglacially?

💡 Explanation

Tephra deposition on glaciers darkens the ice surface, which causes warming because surface albedo decreases, enhancing solar energy absorption; therefore, accelerating melting rather than ice accumulation. This leads to enhanced ablation; geothermal heating alone requires longer timescales, rather than rapid alteration.

• Which mechanism dominates karst cave enlargement below base level?
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