Which outcome results when an Otto cycle engine experiences pre-ignition?

💡 Explanation

Pre-ignition creates increased stress, initiating detonation; a rapid, uncontrolled combustion stemming from compression auto-ignition and runaway **radical formation**. Because the piston is still ascending, this early explosion drastically increases peak pressure, therefore raising mechanical stress, rather than altering exhaust conditions or improving efficiency.

• Which effect is minimized when designing refrigeration cycles?
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• Which risk increases when dielectric breakdown degrades capacitor insulation?