Which outcome results when using the Bernoulli equation to model fluid flow in a pipe with significant wall roughness?

💡 Explanation

The flow rate is overestimated because the Bernoulli equation assumes inviscid flow, but rough walls introduce significant friction. This frictional resistance induces viscous losses via viscous boundary layers; therefore, the ideal pressure drop at a consistent volumetric flow rate will overestimate the actual flow rate rather than match it.

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