Which phenomenon limits efficiency when a non-ideal gas undergoes a Carnot cycle?

💡 Explanation

When a non-ideal gas expands the non-negligible intermolecular forces, specifically Van der Waals forces, affect the expansion work because attraction between the molecules reduces the pressure exerted. Therefore Van der Waals forces are important, as the other effects either negligible or not directly impactful within the Carnot cycle.

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