Which physical degradation occurs as ancient Roman mosaics undergo repeated freeze-thaw cycles?

💡 Explanation

Increased tesserae spalling occurs because water penetrates the cement matrix, expands upon freezing in accordance with cryogenic cracking, inducing cryoclasty which generates expansive force on the adjacent tesserae; therefore, tesserae fracture, rather than only pigment change which is purely chemical effects alone upon exposure, which ignores matrix physics.

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