Which physiological outcome occurs when a migrating bird encounters unexpectedly high wing loading?

💡 Explanation

When wing loading increases unexpectedly in migrating birds, the stress response activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, releasing corticosterone that inhibits reproductive functions to prioritize immediate survival. Therefore elevated corticosterone results, rather than glucagon, insulin, or leptin changes, none of which manage acute stress.

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