Which process explains localized mantle upwelling leading to intraplate volcanism like Hawaii?

💡 Explanation

When the mantle heats unevenly, thermal plumes rise via convection because hotter material is less dense, causing localized melting and volcanism at the surface, far from plate boundaries. Therefore, mantle plume thermal convection explains intraplate volcanism, rather than rebound, rollback, or uplift which require different geological contexts.

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