Which process limits the coefficient of performance (COP) in thermoelectric heat pumps as hot-side temperature increases?

💡 Explanation

As the hot-side temperature increases, the rate of heat conduction from the hot to the cold side increases due to Fourier's law, thereby reducing the effective heat pumping capacity. Therefore, back heat conduction limits COP, rather than coolant viscosity, contact resistance, or Seebeck coefficient changes which are less significant at typical operating temperatures.

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