Which process primarily drives the intensity variation within Hadley cells over mid-latitude continents during summertime?

💡 Explanation

When landmasses heat up faster than oceans, differential surface heating occurs because the land's lower heat capacity leads to stronger temperature gradients and thus intensifying convection within the Hadley cell circulation. Therefore, continental surface heating causes stronger Hadley cell intensity gradients, rather than storms, albedo changes, or ocean influences which play comparatively smaller roles at this scale.

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