Which risk fundamentally drives spalling of concrete in reinforced concrete structures under cyclic loading?

💡 Explanation

When rebar corrodes due to chloride penetration or carbonation, expansive forces are created because the corrosion products occupy a significantly larger volume than the original steel, resulting in cracking. Therefore expansive forces corroding leads to spalling, rather than hydrogen embrittlement, alkali-silica reaction, or freeze-thaw which have different microscopic mechanisms.

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