Which risk increases for birds encountering heavy rain during flight?

💡 Explanation

Feathers are structured to trap air, but heavy rain causes waterlogging and a loss of insulation. This saturates feathers, increasing drag, preventing the interleaving barbules from effectively creating lift, because increasing drag dramatically increases descent rate and energy expenditure, therefore higher energy usage due to drag rather than energy use for parasitic defense.

• Which outcome occurs when repeated low-dose venom exposure triggers immunity?
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• Which effect occurs in marine fish within estuaries as freshwater inflow increases?