Which risk increases when concrete column's rebar cage uses insufficient binder spacing under axial load?

💡 Explanation

When binder spacing is insufficient, restraint of the longitudinal rebar is compromised; with increased binding, potential energy causes buckling outwards instead of inwards causing expansion. Therefore buckling of the longitudinal bars results, rather than increased creep, reduced fire rating, or reaction rate which don't directly involve rebar confinement.

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