Which risk increases when earthquake shaking exceeds the seismic design spectrum of a concrete dam?

💡 Explanation

When earthquake shaking exceeds the design spectrum, foundation liquefaction can occur because increased pore pressure reduces effective stress in saturated granular soils, triggering sudden strength loss and dam slip. Therefore foundation liquefaction results, rather than internal erosion, eutrophication, or spillway failure which require different processes.

• Which outcome occurs when increased glacial melting causes large-scale freshwater discharge into subpolar ocean currents?
• Which risk increases when deep ocean upwelling stagnates?
• Which mechanism causes increased surface water salinity within subtropical ocean gyres?
• Which outcome occurs when tectonic uplift limits fluvial downcutting alluvial valleys?
• Which land deformation results where groundwater extraction accelerates?
• Which process primarily dictates alluvial stratification patterns within an arid region alluvial fan?