Which thermal efficiency limit arises when using a non-ideal gas in a Carnot cycle?

💡 Explanation

When using a non-ideal gas in a Carnot cycle, the heat capacity becomes temperature-dependent because inter-molecular forces become significant, causing heat transfer to vary non-linearly with temperature and deviating from ideal isothermal/adiabatic curves, thereby reducing area inside PV diagram. Therefore, temperature-dependent heat capacity limits efficiency rather than heat transfer, irreversible losses or particle friction which require different mechanisms.

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