Why does chronic cytokine exposure promote tumor growth, rather than triggering immune clearance?

💡 Explanation

Chronic cytokine exposure, especially TNF-alpha and IL-6, activates the NF-κB pathway in tumor cells, because this transcription factor upregulates genes encoding anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenic factors. Therefore, tumor cells survive and proliferate, rather than being eliminated by immune cells as intended by cytokine signaling in acute inflammation.

• Why does the perceived brightness of a dim red light decrease more rapidly in peripheral vision compared to central vision?
• Why does neuronal damage sometimes expand after thrombolysis-induced reperfusion following an ischemic stroke?
• A marathon runner experiences muscle cramping and a burning sensation near the end of the race. What explains why increased intensity leads to this localized muscular pain?
• Which outcome worsens local tissue damage given uncontrolled vasodilation?
• Why does lidocaine, administered orally, have limited use as a systemic analgesic, despite its demonstrated analgesic effectiveness when administered intravenously?
• Why does severe dehydration impair thermoregulation more significantly in elderly individuals compared to younger adults during prolonged exposure to high ambient temperatures?