Which outcome in a reinforced concrete bridge pier increases when chlorides exceed threshold limits?

💡 Explanation

Spalling and rebar corrosion occur because chloride ingress triggers **depassivation**, which removes the protective oxide layer of the rebar, therefore increasing the electro-chemical corrosion rate, rather than maintaining concrete strength or frost resistance, which require different mechanisms.

• Which cracking risk increases during closed-die forging of a high-strength steel component with insufficient die lubrication?
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