Which risk increased when 18th-century naval ships exceeded design displacement during transatlantic voyages?

💡 Explanation

When a ship exceeds its designed displacement, the freeboard reduces because the hull sits lower in the water due to increased mass. Reduced freeboard leads to a higher risk of water ingress and hull breach. Therefore, hull breach is the increased risk, rather than rudder failure, mast collapse, or sail damage, all of which relate to distinct forces.

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