Which risk increases when optical fibers exceed their modal bandwidth capacity in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems?

💡 Explanation

Four-wave mixing (FWM) increases because exceeding modal bandwidth in WDM elevates signal power density, amplifying nonlinear optical effects. Therefore, FWM leads to signal degradation, rather than stimulated Brillouin/Raman scattering, which require different excitation conditions, or polarization mode dispersion, which arises from fiber imperfections.

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