Why does antibiotic resistance commonly arise within biofilms in chronic wounds?

💡 Explanation

Antibiotic resistance increases in biofilms because horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to share resistance genes, thus accelerating adaptation to antibiotic exposure in the protected biofilm environment, rather than resistance arising solely from mutation or antibiotic degradation by phagocytes.

• During a severe systemic infection, which consequence follows from excessive Interleukin-1 (IL-1) production in the liver?
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• If a burn patient experiences significant keratinocyte damage, which consequence follows for trans-epidermal water loss?
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• If a drug has a high volume of distribution and lipophilicity, which consequence follows a standard dose administration?